High energy pulse on a high-voltage-direct-current offset

ABSTRACT

Pulse power supply systems and methods are disclosed. A method includes providing earth-ground-referenced control circuitry and providing floating pulsed-power circuitry. The method also includes providing a DC offset voltage to the return port of the pulsed-power circuitry with a DC offset module and providing a peak voltage to the pulsed-power circuitry with a DC voltage source. Power is applied from a power source of the control circuitry to a driver of the pulsed-power circuitry via a galvanically-isolating power path and a trigger signal is applied from the control circuitry to the driver via a galvanically-isolated signal path to prompt the driver to produce a driver signal. A voltage pulse is produced between the output port and the return port by closing the switch with the driver signal to couple the peak voltage to the output port.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. § 120

The present Application for Patent is a Continuation of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/530,411 entitled “HIGH ENERGY PULSE ON AHIGH-VOLTAGE-DIRECT-CURRENT OFFSET” filed Aug. 2, 2019, pending, andassigned to the assignee hereof and hereby expressly incorporated byreference herein.

BACKGROUND Field

The present invention relates generally to power supplies, and morespecifically to pulsed power supplies.

Background

There are several applications for pulsed power including semiconductorprocessing, piezo drivers, and component testing. Typically, anamplitude of the voltage of the pulsed power alternates between aminimum value and a maximum value, and the time duration of the voltagewaveform at the minimum and maximum values may vary depending upon theapplication. Moreover, the value of the minimum and maximum values mayvary from cycle to cycle depending upon the application.

Creating voltage pulses that transition nearly instantaneously betweenminimum and maximum values is a challenge even in low voltageapplications. But in high voltage applications, creating almostinstantaneous transitions is very difficult, and many applications areincreasingly demanding higher and higher voltage levels.

In the past, high voltage amplifiers have been used to provide a highvoltage output. In some cases, these amplifiers are floated onto a highvoltage direct-current (HVDC) offset using a HVDC supply. But many highvoltage amplifiers suffer from an insufficient slew rate to provide thetype of fast transition time that is often desired. As a consequence,existing approaches to creating voltage pulses are often unsatisfactory,and in the future these existing approaches are likely to become evenmore deficient at high voltage levels.

SUMMARY

An aspect may be characterized as a pulsed power system that includes aDC voltage source configured to provide a DC output voltage, an outputport, and a switch coupled between the DC voltage source and the outputport that closes in response to a drive signal from a driver. A DCoffset module is coupled between a ground connector and the return port,and the DC offset module is configured to provide a DC offset voltage. Acontroller is coupled to the driver via an isolation path, and thecontroller is configured to produce a pulsed voltage between the outputport and the return port by sending control signals via the isolationpath to the driver to open and close the switch.

According to another aspect, a method for applying pulsed power to aload includes providing earth-ground-referenced control circuitry andproviding floating pulsed-power circuitry. The method also includesproviding a DC offset voltage to the return port of the pulsed-powercircuitry with a DC offset module and providing a peak voltage to thepulsed-power circuitry with a DC voltage source. Power is applied from apower source of the control circuitry to a driver of the pulsed-powercircuitry via a galvanically-isolating power path and a trigger signalis applied from the control circuitry to the driver via agalvanically-isolated signal path to prompt the driver to produce adriver signal. A voltage pulse is produced between the output port andthe return port by closing the switch with the driver signal to couplethe peak voltage to the output port.

Yet another aspect may be characterized as a pulsed power system thatincludes a DC voltage source configured to provide a DC output voltage,an output port, a first switch coupled between the DC voltage source andthe output port, and a second switch coupled between a return port andthe output port. A DC offset module is coupled between a groundconnector and the return port, and the DC offset module is configured toprovide a DC offset voltage. A controller is coupled to the first drivervia a first isolation path, and the controller is coupled to the seconddriver via a second isolation path. The controller is configured toproduce a pulsed voltage between the output port and the return port bysending control signals via the isolation paths to the drivers toalternately open and close the first and second switches.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting aspects of a pulsed power system;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram depicting functional components of anexemplary embodiment of the pulsed power system of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a is a block diagram depicting an exemplary approach toisolating earth-ground-referenced control circuitry from floatinghigh-voltage pulse circuity;

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram depicting components of an exemplaryembodiment of a pulsed power system;

FIG. 5 is a is a schematic diagram depicting components of anotherexemplary embodiment of a pulsed power system;

FIG. 6 is a is a schematic diagram depicting components of yet anotherexemplary embodiment of a pulsed power system;

FIG. 7 is a block diagram depicting an implementation with cascadedmodules;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart depicting an exemplary method; and

FIG. 9 is a block diagram depicting exemplary processing components.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example,instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as“exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred oradvantageous over other embodiments.

Referring first to FIG. 1, shown is a block diagram depicting aspects ofembodiments described further herein. As shown, a high voltage (HV)pulse module 102 is shown floating (relative to earth ground) on top ofa high voltage that is applied by an earth-grounded DC offset module104. More specifically, the HV pulse module 102 provides an outputvoltage, Vout, at an output port 106, and the HV pulse module 102 iscoupled the DC offset module 104 at a common, return port 108. Alsogenerally depicted is a control interface 110 that enables control ofboth the HV pulse module 102 and the DC offset module 104.

In general, the HV pulse module 102 functions to apply a pulsed voltage(that may vary in amplitude and/or pulse width) across the output port106 and the return port 108. For example, the peak-to-peak voltagedifferential applied by the HV pulse module 102 across the output port106 and the return portion 108 may be between +/−100 volts and 10000volts, but this voltage range is only exemplary. But it should berecognized that this voltage differential is not referenced to ground.More specifically, the DC offset module 104 functions to “push” thevoltage at the return port 108 to a voltage that is offset from ground.For example, the offset voltage applied by the DC offset module 104 maybe between +/−0 volts and 10 kV, but this range is only exemplary. As amore specific example, the DC offset may be 8 kV and the peak-to-peakvoltage applied by the HV pulse module 102 may be 1 kV; thus, relativeto ground, the voltage at the output port 106 in this example variesbetween 8 kV and 9 kV.

Beneficially, the HV pulse module 102 is able to provide the pulsedvoltage so that a rise time of a rising edge of the pulsed voltage isvery short as compared to a high voltage amplifier, and the DC offsetmodule 104 provides the high voltage offset that is desired for manyapplications. In short, embodiments described herein provide a systemthat controls floating high energy pulses to enable delivery of highvoltage pulses on a high voltage DC offset in a robust and reliable way.

When a HV pulse is set on a HV offset, careful consideration must beused to handle high peak currents at high voltages. Among theseconsiderations is the need for isolating the high current and highvoltage (that may be demanded by an application) from the voltagecontrol circuitry. Moreover, the current drawn by a load may haveenormous peak values, and these levels of current must be delivered by arobust design.

Referring next to FIG. 2, shown is a block diagram depicting functionalcomponents of the pulsed power system of FIG. 1. As shown, the pulsedpower system is depicted with an earth-ground side andhigh-voltage-pulse side. As shown, the earth-ground side includes thecontrol interface 110, and the high-voltage-pulse side includes the HVpulse module 102. To mitigate against potentially damaging and dangerousinteraction between the earth-ground side and the high-voltage-pulseside, high voltage isolation is provided by HV transmission and signalcables 212 and the DC offset module 104.

It should be recognized that the depiction of components in FIG. 2 islogical and that FIG. 2 is not intended to be a hardware diagram. Forexample, some of the depicted components may be realized by a collectionof distributed hardware and/or software components. As another example,multiple components may be realized by a collection of integratedhardware components. As a more specific example, the control interface110 may be realized by several, separate microcontrollers; applicationspecific integrated circuits; field programmable gate arrays; digitallogic; etc. And these several components may be interconnected bynetworked communication. Alternatively, the control interface may berealized by a single integrated construct such as a programmedmicrocontroller or general-purpose computer programmed with software toprovide a special purpose computer.

The constituent components depicted in FIG. 2 may be realized in anintegrated manner (e.g., on a single printed circuit board) within acommon housing, or the constituent components may be distributed acrossseparate devices. As an example, the HV pulse module 102 may beimplemented on a separate printed circuit board, and the HV pulse module102 may be connected to the other depicted components by the highvoltage transmission and signal cables 212.

Referring next to FIG. 3, shown is a block diagram depicting anexemplary approach to isolating earth-ground-referenced controlcircuitry 320 from floating high-voltage pulse circuity 322 of the HVpulse module 102. As shown, the earth-ground referenced controlcircuitry 320 may be isolated from the floating high-voltage pulsecircuitry 322 by: a) one or more low-capacitance isolationtransformer(s) 324 and b) one or more optical-isolation connection(s)326. As depicted, the low-capacitance transformer(s) 324 may be used topropagate low voltage control power (from the earth-ground-referencedcontrol circuitry 320) to drivers of switches (e.g., metal oxidesemiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) or insulated gatebipolar transistors (IGBTs), etc.) of the high-voltage pulse circuitry322. In addition, the optical isolation connections 326 may propagatesignals (from the earth-ground-referenced control circuitry 320) thattrigger a state change of the switches (from opened to closed and viceversa) on the side of the high-voltage pulsed circuitry 322.

Referring next to FIG. 4, shown is a diagram depicting components of anexemplary pulsed power system. As shown, a controller 440 is positionedon an earth-ground side of the system, and the controller 440 is coupledto a driver 442 via an inductive isolation path 444 and an opticalisolation path 446. In addition, the controller 440 is coupled to the DCoffset module 104, and the DC offset module 104 is coupled to the outputport 106 via a resistor. As shown, the driver 442 is coupled to a switch448, and a high voltage direct current (HVDC) voltage source 450 isswitchably coupled to the output port 106.

In general, the inductive isolation path 444 functions to couple powerfrom the earth-ground side to the driver 442 to enable the driver 442 toapply power to the switch 448, and hence, close the switch 448 inresponse to a trigger signal that is sent from the controller 440 to thedriver 442 via the optical isolation path 446. As shown, the inductiveisolation path 444 may include a low voltage AC power supply 452 that iscoupled to a rectifier 454 via a transformer 456. In operation, the lowvoltage AC power supply 452 applies an AC voltage that induces acorresponding AC voltage at the secondary of the transformer 456, andthe rectifier 454 converts the AC voltage at the secondary of thetransformer 456 to a rectified DC voltage that is applied to the driver442.

The optical isolation path 446 generally functions to couple a triggersignal 458 from the controller 440 to the driver 442, which triggers thedriver 442 to apply a drive signal to the switch 448 to prompt theswitch 448 to close. As shown, the optical isolation component 446 mayinclude an electro-optical conversion component to convert an electricaltrigger signal 458 from the controller 440 to an optical signal that isreceived by an opto-electric conversion component. And the opto-electricconversion component converts the received optical signal back to anelectrical signal that is applied to the driver 442 to trigger thedriver 442 to apply the drive signal 462 to the switch.

The switch 448 may be realized by any of a variety of switch devicesthat operate to open and close as discussed herein to switchably coupleand decouple the voltage (applied by the HVDC voltage source 450) to theoutput port 106. It is contemplated, for example, that metal oxidesemiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) or insulated gatebipolar transistors (IGBTs) may be used. But as one of ordinary skill inthe art will appreciate, potentially other switch devices could also beused depending upon the application and availability of switch devicesthat meet the required performance attributes of the application. Insome applications, a MOSFET that operates up to 1 kV and 50 peak amps isutilized, but other applications may allow other switch devices to beused.

The driver 442 generally operates to apply the drive signal 462 to theswitch that prompts the switch 448 to quickly close and open when thetrigger signal 458 from the optical isolation component 446 is appliedand removed, respectively. As those of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate, switches such as MOSFETs may require a substantial level ofgate drive current to quickly respond. As an example, the driver 442 mayprovide 50 peaks amps at 30 DC volts as a drive signal to the switch448.

As shown, the DC offset module 104 may include a controllable voltagesource 464 arranged in parallel with a capacitor 466. The DC voltagesource 464 operates to apply the DC offset voltage as discussed above,and the capacitor 466 facilitates regulation of the DC offset voltage inresponse to the quick switching that may occur.

The embodiment depicted in FIG. 4 is configured to provide voltagepulses with a relatively fast rise time by virtue of the resistorpositioned between the DC offset module 104 and the switch 448. Incontrast, the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5 is configured to providevoltage pulses with a relatively fast fall time. As shown, the pulsed DCpower system depicted in FIG. 5 is the same as the system depicted inFIG. 4 except the resistor is moved from the position in FIG. 4 to belocated between the HVDC voltage source 450 and the switch 448.

Referring next to FIG. 6 shown is another embodiment of the pulsed powersystem that is configured in a push-pull topology. In this embodiment, afirst switch 448A is coupled between the HVDC voltage source 450 and theoutput port 106, and the first switch 448A closes in response to a firstdrive signal 462A from a first driver 442A. A second switch 448B coupledbetween the return port 108 and the output port 106, and the secondswitch 448B closes in response to a second drive signal 462B from asecond driver 442B. The DC offset module 104 is coupled between a groundconnector and the return port 108.

In this embodiment, the controller 440 is coupled to the first driver442A via a first optical isolation path 446A, and the controller 440 iscoupled to the second driver 442B via a second optical isolation path446B. In operation, the controller 440 is configured to produce a pulsedvoltage between the output port 106 and the return port 108 by sendingcontrol signals, via the isolation paths 446A, 446B, to the drivers442A, 442B to alternately open and close the first switch 448A and thesecond switch 448B.

In this mode of operation, when the first switch 448A is closed thesecond switch 448B is opened, and the DC voltage from the HVDC voltagesource 450 is coupled to the output port 106 while the DC offset voltagefrom the DC offset module 104 is coupled to the return port 108.Briefly, both the first switch 448A and the second switch 448B are thenopened before the second switch 448B is closed and the first switch 448Ais opened. When the second switch 448B is closed (and the first switch448A is opened), the DC offset voltage from the DC offset module 104 isapplied to the output port 106. As one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate, the length of time one of the switches is closed (while theother is opened) may be varied to effectuate pulse-width modulation ofthe voltage at the output ports 106, 108.

As shown, the inductive isolation paths 444 provide power from the lowvoltage AC power supplies 452 to the drivers 442A, 442B via thetransformers 456 and rectifiers 454. In a variation of this embodiment,a single low voltage AC power supply (in a single inductive isolationpath) may be used to provide power to both of the drivers 442A, 442B onthe HV offset pulse side.

Referring next to FIG. 7, shown is a block diagram depicted a cascadedarrangement of portions of the earth-ground-referenced control circuitry320 and the floating pulsed-power circuitry 322. In this configuration,a voltage limitation of the switch 448 is overcome by the seriesarrangement of the switches 448 that is effectuated. For example, theswitch 448 may be limited to operating at 1 kV, so the seriesconfiguration enables many switches to be stacked to very high voltagelevels (e.g., 100 kV).

Referring next to FIG. 8, shown is a flowchart depicting a method thatmay be traversed in connection with the embodiments disclosed herein. Asshown, earth-ground-referenced control circuitry 320 (e.g., thecontroller 440) is provided (Block 802) and floating pulsed-powercircuitry (including the HVDC voltage source 450, driver(s) 442,switch(es) 448, output port 106 and return port 108) are provided (Block804). In addition, a DC offset voltage is provided by the DC offsetmodule 104 to the pulsed power circuitry (Block 806). A peak voltage isapplied to the pulsed-power circuitry with the HVDC voltage source 450(Block 808), and power from a power source (e.g., the low voltage ACpower supply 452) of the control circuitry is applied to the driver 442of the pulsed-power circuitry via a galvanically-isolating power path(e.g., the inductive isolation path 444) (Block 810). A trigger signal458 from the control circuitry is applied to the driver 442 via agalvanically-isolated signal path (e.g., the optical isolation path 446)to prompt the driver 442 to produce a driver signal 462 (Block 812). Avoltage pulse between the output port 106 and the return port 108 isproduced by closing the switch 448 with the driver signal 462 to couplethe peak voltage to the output port 106 (Block 814). It should berecognized that in some implementations (e.g., the implementationdescribed with reference to FIG. 5) the peak voltage is coupled to theoutput port 106 via a resistor.

The methods described in connection with the embodiments disclosedherein may be executed by hardware, in processor executable instructionsencoded in non-transitory machine readable medium, or as a combinationof the two. Referring to FIG. 9 for example, shown is a block diagramdepicting physical components of an exemplary controller 900 that may beutilized to realize the controller 440 according to an illustrativeembodiment of this disclosure. As shown, in this embodiment a display912 and nonvolatile memory 920 are coupled to a bus 922 that is alsocoupled to random access memory (“RAM”) 924, a processing portion (whichincludes N processing components) 926, a field programmable gate array(FPGA) 927, and a transceiver component 928 that includes Ntransceivers. Although the components depicted in FIG. 9 representphysical components, FIG. 9 is not intended to be a detailed hardwarediagram; thus, many of the components depicted in FIG. 9 may be realizedby common constructs or distributed among additional physicalcomponents. Moreover, it is contemplated that other existing andyet-to-be developed physical components and architectures may beutilized to implement the functional components described with referenceto FIG. 9.

The display 912 may implement a portion of the control interface 110 fora user, and in several implementations, the display 912 is realized by atouchscreen display. For example, display 912 can be used to control andinteract with the DC offset component 104 and the HVDC voltage source450. A graphical user interface presented on the display 912 may enablea user to control aspects of the voltage waveform applied between theoutput port 106 and the return port 108, and the desired waveform maydetermine a timing of the switches 448. In general, the nonvolatilememory 920 is non-transitory memory that functions to store (e.g.,persistently store) data and machine readable (e.g., processorexecutable) code (including executable code that is associated witheffectuating the methods described herein). In some embodiments, forexample, the nonvolatile memory 920 includes bootloader code, operatingsystem code, file system code, and non-transitory processor-executablecode to facilitate the execution of the methods described hereinincluding aspects of the method described with reference to FIG. 8.

In many implementations, the nonvolatile memory 920 is realized by flashmemory (e.g., NAND or ONENAND memory), but it is contemplated that othermemory types may also be utilized. Although it may be possible toexecute the code from the nonvolatile memory 920, the executable code inthe nonvolatile memory is typically loaded into RAM 924 and executed byone or more of the N processing components in the processing portion926.

In operation, the N processing components in connection with RAM 924 maygenerally operate to execute the instructions stored in nonvolatilememory 920 to realize aspects of the functionality of the controller440. For example, non-transitory processor-executable instructions toeffectuate the methods described herein may be persistently stored innonvolatile memory 920 and executed by the N processing components inconnection with RAM 924. As one of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate, the processing portion 926 may include a video processor,digital signal processor (DSP), graphics processing unit (GPU), andother processing components.

In addition, or in the alternative, the field programmable gate array(FPGA) 927 may be configured to effectuate one or more aspects of themethodologies described herein. For example, non-transitoryFPGA-configuration-instructions may be persistently stored innonvolatile memory 920 and accessed by the FPGA 927 (e.g., during bootup) to configure the FPGA 927 to effectuate the functions of thecontroller 440.

In general, the input component functions to receive analog and/ordigital signals that may be utilized by the controller 440 as describedherein. It should be recognized that the input component may be realizedby several separate analog and/or digital input processing chains, butfor simplicity, the input component is depicted as a single functionalblock. In operation, the input component may operate to receive signals(e.g., status signals) that are indicative of one or more voltagesincluding the output voltage (across the output port 106 and 108). Asshown, the input component may also receive a user input in analternative mode to the display 912. The output component generallyoperates to provide one or more analog or digital signals to effectuateone or more operational aspects of the pulsed power system. For example,the output portion may provide signals to control voltages of the DCoffset component 104 and/or the HVDC voltage source 450. It is alsocontemplated that the output component may provide trigger signals 458to the optical isolation paths 446 to control (in an isolated manner)the opening and closing of the switches 448.

The depicted transceiver component 928 includes N transceiver chains,which may be used for communicating with external devices (e.g.,external controllers) via wireless or wireline networks. Each of the Ntransceiver chains may represent a transceiver associated with aparticular communication scheme (e.g., WiFi, ethernet, universal serialbus, profibus, etc.).

The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided toenable any person skilled in the art to make or use the presentinvention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readilyapparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles definedherein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from thespirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is notintended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to beaccorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: a DC voltage sourceconfigured to provide a DC output voltage; an output port; a switch,coupled to the output port, wherein the switch closes in response to asignal from a driver; a DC offset module coupled to a return port,wherein the DC offset module is configured to provide a DC offsetvoltage to the return port; and a controller, coupled to the driver,wherein the controller is configured to control the driver to signal theswitch to close, thereby producing a pulsed voltage between the outputport and the return port.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the switchis coupled between the output port and the return port, such thatclosing the switch couples the DC offset voltage from the DC offsetmodule to the output port.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the switchis coupled between the DC voltage source and the output port, such thatclosing the switch couples a peak voltage from the DC voltage source tothe output port.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the switch is a firstswitch and the driver is a first driver, the system further comprising:a second switch coupled between the output port and the return port,wherein the second switch closes in response to a drive signal from asecond driver, wherein the controller is further configured to controlthe second driver to signal the second switch to close, to produce thepulsed voltage between the output port and the return port.
 5. Thesystem of claim 4, wherein the controller is further configured to varya length of time that at least one of the first and second switches isclosed while the other of the first and second switches is open, toeffectuate a pulse-width modulation of the pulsed voltage.
 6. The systemof claim 4, further comprising: a first series of switches, coupledbetween the DC voltage source and the output port, wherein the firstswitch is comprised among the first series of switches; and a secondseries of switches, coupled between the output port and the return port,wherein the second switch is comprised among the second series ofswitches, such that the first and second series of switches enablestacked voltage levels.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the controlleris coupled to the driver via an isolation path, and wherein thecontroller is configured to control the driver to signal the switch bysending a control signal via the isolation path to the driver, whereinthe isolation path comprises an electro-optical coupling.
 8. The systemof claim 1, further comprising: a power path configured to apply powerfrom at least one power source to the driver, wherein the power pathgalvanically isolates the power source from the driver.
 9. The system ofclaim 8, wherein the power source includes an AC power supply, and thepower path comprises: a rectifier configured to apply a rectifiedvoltage to the driver; and a transformer inductively coupling the ACpower supply to the rectifier to galvanically isolate the AC powersupply from the driver.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein thecontroller is further configured to produce the pulsed voltage betweenthe output port and the return port such that the pulsed voltage has arise time of less than 1 millisecond (ms) for a change in voltage of atleast 1 kilovolt (kV).
 11. A system comprising: a DC voltage sourceconfigured to provide a DC output voltage; an output port; a firstswitch coupled between the DC voltage source and the output port,wherein the first switch closes in response to a first drive signal froma first driver; a second switch coupled between a return port and theoutput port, wherein the second switch closes in response to a seconddrive signal from a second driver; a DC offset module coupled to thereturn port, wherein the DC offset module is configured to provide a DCoffset voltage to the return port; and a controller, coupled to thefirst driver and the second driver, wherein the controller is configuredto produce a pulsed voltage between the output port and the return portby sending control signals to the first driver and the second driver toalternately open and close the first and second switches.
 12. The systemof claim 11, wherein the controller is coupled to the first driver via afirst isolation path comprising a first electro-optical coupling, andcoupled to the second driver via a second isolation path comprising asecond electro-optical coupling, wherein the controller is configured tosend the control signals via the first isolation path to the firstdriver, and via the second isolation path to the second driver, thesystem further comprising: at least two power paths configured to applypower from at least two AC power sources to the first driver and thesecond driver, wherein the at least two power paths galvanically isolatethe at least two AC power sources from the first driver and the seconddriver, wherein each respective power path of the at least two powerpaths comprises: a rectifier configured to apply a rectified voltage toa corresponding one of the drivers; and a transformer inductivelycoupling a corresponding one of the AC power sources to the rectifier togalvanically isolate the corresponding one of the AC power sources fromthe corresponding one of the drivers.
 13. The system of claim 11,further comprising a single AC power supply, configured to provide powerin a single inductive isolation path to both the first driver and thesecond driver.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein the controller isfurther configured to send the control signals to alternately open andclose the first and second switches with a varying length of time forone of the first and second switches to be closed while the other isopen, to effectuate pulse-width modulation of the pulsed voltage. 15.The system of claim 11, further comprising: a first series of switches,coupled between the DC voltage source and the output port, wherein thefirst switch is comprised among the first series of switches; and asecond series of switches, coupled between the output port and thereturn port, wherein the second switch is comprised among the secondseries of switches, wherein the first and second series of switchesenable stacked voltage levels.
 16. A non-transitory machine readablemedium comprising processor executable instructions, the instructionscomprising instructions to: provide a peak voltage from a DC voltagesource to pulsed-power circuitry; provide a DC offset voltage from a DCoffset module to a return port of the pulsed-power circuitry; applypower to a driver of the pulsed-power circuitry; and apply a triggersignal to the driver to prompt the driver to produce a driver signalthat closes a switch coupled to an output port of the pulsed-powercircuitry, thereby producing a voltage pulse between the output port andthe return port.
 17. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim16, wherein the instructions to apply the trigger signal to the driverto prompt the driver to produce the driver signal comprise instructionsto close the switch between the DC voltage source and the output port,thereby coupling the peak voltage to the output port.
 18. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 17, wherein the triggersignal is a first trigger signal, the driver is a first driver, and theswitch is a first switch, the instructions further comprising:instructions to apply a second trigger signal to a second driver toprompt the second driver to produce a second driver signal that closes asecond switch coupled between the output port and the return port, suchthat producing the voltage pulse between the output port and the returnport comprises alternately opening and closing the first switch and thesecond switch.
 19. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim18, further comprising instructions to vary a length of the time thatone of the first and second switches is closed while the other is open,to effectuate pulse-width modulation of the pulsed voltage.
 20. Thenon-transitory machine readable medium of claim 16, wherein theinstructions to apply the trigger signal to the driver to prompt thedriver to produce the driver signal comprise instructions to close theswitch between the output port and the return port, thereby coupling theDC offset voltage to the output port.